摘 要: 对《脉要精微论》中得出“诊法常以平旦”、“持脉有道, 虚静为保”的脉诊的原则和各种整体脉象的特征及病理机制进行分析,并对 10对整体脉象特征进行了理论及其与疾病对应关系的探讨。
复习古代脉诊文献可以发现, 临床脉诊分为整体脉诊和局部脉诊二个步骤。首先学习和体会整体脉诊, 循序渐进进而学习局部脉诊,便能够掌握好这一高超技术。《内经》作为中医学的基础,对中医理法方药的发展做出了巨大的贡献。其中《脉要精微论》主要讲述了脉诊的原则和各种整体脉象形迹及病理机制,认真学习和体会这些条文,对于启迪我们对脉诊认识和掌握脉诊技巧大有裨益。
(由于本篇讲述内容稍多,
分为上下两篇,
大家可以收藏下来慢慢看)
1诊视大法
1.1 诊法常以平旦
为何要把诊脉的时间定在清晨平旦? 一般的解释为清晨人们没有进食和进行白天的劳作,体内的气血平和使得机体的疾病更加容易显现于外; 笔者从另一方面看, “平旦”的时间点人们刚刚从睡眠中醒来,系机体完成一次阴阳状态转换后的开始,阴气将退未退,阳气将散未散, 因此,此时脉象特征可以较为准确地同时反映人体阴阳二种状态的情况。
笔者夜班诊视病人脉象发现,患者白天和夜间的脉象信息存在着不同,心理脉象的干扰相对来说夜间较白天为少,更易于显现躯体性的疾病。金伟先生主张诊脉要在上午空腹,减少饮食吸收后对血液成分的干扰。目前的医疗条件均采用“平旦”的脉诊不太现实,我们应注意的一个原则是必须尽量保持“宁静”的状态,使病人的气血保持免受外界因素干扰的状态,气血相对宁谧,这是诊出病脉所必要的条件。
1.2 持脉有道 虚静为保
虚静是内心的极度虚无,忘却一切事物,包括病人病情、诊脉的指示等,更不可内心存在一定的脉象或病机的成见。心里就象一汪平静如镜的水面,这样任何的微风都会引起微澜,只有这样才不会漏过脉象的细微信息。因此,古人提出的诊脉要“虚静”,“虚静”即是大脑的平静状态,就像射击选手在瞄准的状态一样,心中没有任何的杂念, 惟有保持对脉象特征认真辨识的状态。客观环境上,要求要有相对安静的环境,温度湿度等干扰人情绪心理变化的不利因素都要尽量克服。
2整体脉象特征与疾病
《脉要精微论》中论述了大量的整体脉象特征, 而且都成对的出现, 认真的加以体会, 能够开启我们的脉象领悟之门。
2. 1 动静
动、静是指脉搏搏动过程中的稳定性。动是脉搏搏动时附加在血管壁的抖动、震动细颤的感觉, 细分之有局促、抖动、发散等,后世医家所称的“动脉”仅是其中的一种。静是指动脉搏动时血管壁的附加震动较少,缓缓袅袅平静流畅。关于脉象动、静的意义,早在东汉时代就有认识,《伤寒论·辨脉法第一》谓:“若数脉见于关上,上下无头尾,如豆大厥厥动摇者,名曰‘动'也,阳动则汗出,阴动则发热”。振动、发散的脉动出现在关部以上则出现汗出; 出现在关部以下则出现发热。《伤寒论》形容机体所受外邪解除,气血恢复正常运行往往用“脉静身凉”,说明邪正相争脉象的紧缩、战栗和透发感等“动”的征象均以解除。所谓的“动”现代研究认为这是脉搏搏动谐振波和发散波。
临床研究发现,人体脏器和心理的改变均可以从脉搏的动静上反映出来。现代研究有两种观点可以给予说明:脉搏传播过程中,在血管的某些分支处或靠近骨的血管转折处可以发生反射而形成驻波。在疾病时其心率与心室的充盈情况的变化,导致其脉搏波的波长和波节与波腹数量的变化,所有这些均造成脉象“动”的变化[ 1] 。
近年来台湾的王唯工教授提出心跳谐振波与器官共振的物理模式,认为各脏器与相连动脉协同共振,该共振频率与心跳的谐波频率一致时有最大的共振效果,五脏六腑各依其共振特性,选择适当谐波频率来共振,以减少血液循环阻力,顺利地从大动脉中分取压力波与血流的充分供应。器官组织在获得充分血流供应后才能发挥其功能。如果某一脏腑有病, 器官机能降低, 血液循环不佳, 阻力大增, 甚或共振频率改变而不能与谐波共振的很好, 则与其相同共振频率的谐波必然大受影响, 故脉波频谱也将改变。频谱的改变则在脉象反映出“动”的征象[ 2] 。
心理脉象的创始人寿小云先生认为, 心理脉象中特异心理成分常常无法用传统的二十八病脉来描述, 表现出许多新的脉象特征即脉象振动觉, 其以脉搏的谐波分量为感觉主体, 通过谐波振动特征的识别, 感知脏腑的功能状态和各类心理活动基础 [ 3- 4] 。
可见脉搏波动时的动与静是身心健康的标识, 所以“切脉动静而视精明, 察五色, 观五藏有余不足, 六府强弱, 形之盛衰, 以此参伍, 决死生之分”,可见脉之动静是说明机体内环境的重要标志。
2. 2 长短
属传统二十八脉范畴,脉之长短指脉动应指的轴向范围长度,《内经》和《难经》没有给出正式的脉形,只是用了象形的摹写方式给人以启发, 用“迢迢”和长杆来启迪人们的内心体会; 长、短之脉都是单因素脉象, 就是即脉的长度。长脉的指感为尺寸两端超出本位, 有迢迢自若之感;短脉脉动范围不足本位, 不能满部,见于寸或尺部。
长脉既可以是正常的健康脉象,又可以是病理脉象。作为健康脉象时, 其形态应如《诊家正眼》所说:“长之为义,首尾相称, 往来端直也”。这时主的“长则气治”;如果超出本位,加上力度的变化激薄前冲,则是气火旺盛, 冲击震荡所致的病脉了。如《诊家枢要》:“气血皆有余也, 为阳毒内蕴三焦, 烦郁为壮热”。短脉是病理脉象, 《诊家枢要》: “气不足以前导其血也,为阴中伏阳,为三焦气雍, 为宿食不消”, 故“短则气病”。
现代研究认为, 脉搏的传递是心脏的搏动沿着血管壁传递的结果, 主动脉管壁因此有节律地受迫振动, 振动沿弹性血管向末梢传播就形成了脉搏。
心室射血状态不同, 脉搏波波长也不相同, 当心室充盈良好、收缩力强而快、半月瓣启闭良好、血管弹性正常时, 短时间内大量血液射入主动脉基部, 以致血管管径骤增, 能形成振幅大、节段长的长波;反之则形成振幅小、节段短的短波。同时心室每搏输出量受心率的影响, 脉搏波的波长也必然与心率有一定关系, 即心率愈快则波长越短。因此, 血管振动节段的粗细长短, 从一定程度上反映了心输出量的大小[ 1] 。
同时, 脉搏传递的长短还与血管壁的弹性有关, 弹性强者则每搏的传输距离较长, 弹性弱者则传输的距离较短。如高血压病人的脉象较正常人的脉搏传输距离长。因此, 笔者认为所谓的长是脉搏的每一次搏动传递距离的长和短, 而不应该是三部脉形的长与短, 这样更具有临床意义, 而且也易于与脉的“上、下”澄清其内涵。临床发现长脉之人, 思维敏捷清晰,心胸开阔; 而短脉之人, 或易于情志郁结, 或思维愚钝等。
2. 3 上下
上、下是指对脉象超出寸、尺的部位的脉动。“上竟上者, 胸喉中事也; 下竟下者, 少腹腰股膝胫足中事也”;“上盛则气高, 下盛则气胀”。对于《内经》的此段认识, 后世医家多湮没在了尺、寸部的浮脉之中, 但清代的龙之章给予重新认识, 《蠢子医·第一节·医道以运气为主》: “如今脉理出本位, 与古大不同。古时脉理只三部, 细按三部便知清。今时三部出本位, 只看三部便不中。必须上下去推寻, 方能病症知分明”。 并载有“脉上窜、下流, 如此治”一节, 对各种病机和治疗进行了详细的记载。
关于“上、下”有许多问题有待探讨, 古人有人认为超出尺、寸部的脉象属长脉范畴, 在脉体整体延长的同时, 向上或向下超出寸、尺部, 向上超出寸部称为“溢脉”; 向下超出尺部称为“覆脉”。对于“上、下”概念古人也有歧义, 如《诊家枢要·诊脉之道》“察脉须识上下来去至止六字。不明此六字则阴阳虚实不别也…上者, 自尺部上于寸口, 阳生于阴也; 下者, 自寸口下于尺部, 阴生于阳也”。将血液进退式的循环运行定名成了上、下。
笔者认为, 上、下脉诊特征与长脉有部分的内容重叠, 但是临床也存在脉搏的长度没有变化, 而是出现了离心和向心性的整体位移, 并且伴有脉搏搏动均衡性的破坏, 形成了脉动上超出寸部, 而尺部的脉动随之上移而不满部或脉形变细小、压力变小, 显现出所谓“上盛”的脉象; 或下超出寸部, 而寸部的脉动随之下移而不满部或脉形变细小、压力变小, 显现出所谓“下盛”的脉象; “上盛”则意味着邪气充斥或气机逆乱在上, 所以出现头面、胸部的症状; “下盛”意味着邪气下溜或气机沉陷在下, 所以出现二阴、腰腿部的症状。
所主病机上、下脉与长脉的侧重点不同, 长脉所主是整体的邪气充斥, 而上、下脉则侧重于气机的动越或降陷于机体的上、下部位。由于机体的上下阴阳平衡被打破, 所以当“上盛”时有升无降则必然下虚, 出现下部阳气的相对不足, 则显示“推而上之, 上而不下, 腰足清也”的征象; “下盛”时有降无升则必然上虚, 出现上部阳气的相对不足, 则显示 推而下之, 下而不上, 头项痛也 的征象。
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不见不散哦~~~
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